UNIVERSE Theories

Finite Theory
1. Matter is quarks
2. The medium of space is composed of superposed graviton fields
3.
4.
5. Gravity is superposed graviton fields
6.
7.
www.finitetheory.com/files/ft.pdf

<<NOTE: I copied this to the OP, so you may delete this post or make changes, if you like - Lloyd>>

An alternative concept on MATTER

Ref: ‘MATTER (Re-examined)’ by Nainan K. Varghese, matterdoc@gmail.com

1. What is matter composed of?
In material world, existence of matter is nearest to absolute truth. Hence, existence of matter can be considered as a single assumption, by which all physical phenomena can be explained. Matter provides substance to all real entities, which in turn gives them objective reality and positive existence in space. As matter is the most fundamental entity, it is composed of no other entity.

As matter provides substance to diverse objects, it cannot have any property other than its ability to exist. Different properties, noticed in various types of 3D matter-bodies are due to their structures rather than by their substance.

Matter exists in space in all spatial systems and most convenient division of space is three-dimensional. All senses of 3D beings and instruments are devised for 3D spatial system. Hence, we can sense or observe matter only when it is in its 3D spatial state. A matter-particle, whose dimensions in one or two spatial systems are less than that can be observed by rational beings (single-dimensional or two-dimensional matter-particles) is considered as non-existing by us. However, 1D and 2D bodies also exist in volumetric (3D) space. Existence of matter is the only assumption, used in this concept.

2. What is the medium of space composed of?
Space is unstructured fragments, or minute quanta, of matter with minimum spatial (1D & 2D) dimensions with 2D energy-fields.

Space is an imaginary container, envisaged by rational beings, whenever they think of a real entity. Space becomes real only when it is filled entirely by a real entity.

Unstructured matter fragments into minute quanta of matter, which tend to reduce their existence to minimum numbers of spatial dimensions. Quanta of matter, in single/two spatial dimensional systems, form two-spatial dimensional latticework-structures – 2D energy fields – extending infinitely in all directions in their planes. Independent 2D energy-fields in all possible planes, together, form an all encompassing universal medium that is inherently under compression, self-stabilizing, homogeneous, simultaneously isotropic and anisotropic and provides physical medium of direct contact for all interactions between 3D matter-particles. Universal medium causes all physical actions; including creation, sustenance and destruction of three-dimensional matter-particles/bodies and their apparent interactions.

As universal medium and 3D matter in it, together, fill entire space, space and universal medium become synonymous and space becomes a real entity.

Universal medium is particulate and continuous. It provides an absolute reference. Since universal medium causes all motions, it does not resist motion of 3D matter-bodies. Displacements of 3D matter-bodies are with respect to absolute reference, provided by universal medium. Relative displacements cannot affect real entities.

3. How does energy propagate?

Structural deformations in universal medium are work. Stress formed in latticework-structures of universal medium due to strain (distortions) in them is ‘energy’. Energy is a functional entity that appears wherever and whenever work is present. As energy is not a real entity, it has neither objective reality nor positive existence. Energy can neither be transmitted (propagated) nor transformed. Work, being mechanical deformation in universal medium, is real and it is propagated through universal medium by transfer of structural distortions in 2D energy-fields. ‘Work’ is the real entity, whose rightful place is usurped by imaginary ‘energy’ in contemporary physics.

4. What is mass?

Since we have no reference to form a dimensional scale to measure 3D matter-content of a body, one of its attributes - mass - is often used to represent equivalent of 3D matter-content in a body. Weight is another attribute that is used for same purpose. Mass is a mathematical relation (a functional entity) that exists only in mathematical analyses and in minds of physicists. 3D matter-content of a body can vary only by addition or removal of 3D matter. Mass of a body depends on factors used in the equation for mass. Change in efficiency of external force (to affect a body’s acceleration due to changes in body’s linear speed) affects magnitude of body’s mass. As linear speed of a 3D matter-particle/body approaches speed of light, despite there is no change in its 3D matter-content, mass of the body approaches absurd proportions.

5. What is gravity?
Gravity is compression of 3D matter by 1D & 2D space-matter.

Entire space, outside basic 3D matter-particles, is filled with an all-encompassing universal medium, structured by quanta of matter. Due to its structure, universal medium is inherently under compression (even without a container). A 3D matter-particle, in the universal medium, experiences compression from surrounding universal medium. This property of universal medium is gravitation. Gravitation is enormously strong pressure that can compress 1D quanta of matter into 3D spatial state. Gravitation is active only on convex-curved surfaces of 3D matter-particles. On concave surfaces of 3D matter-particles, gravitation may act in negative sense. All ‘natural forces’ (gravitational attraction, electromagnetic forces, nuclear forces, etc.) are different manifestations of gravitation.

Magnitude of gravitation corresponds to extent of universal medium that exerts the pressure/force. Extent of universal medium between two 3D matter-particles is always less than extents of universal medium on their outer sides. Hence, higher gravitational actions on outer sides tend to move the 3D matter-particles towards each other. This tendency is understood as gravitational attraction or gravity. Gravitational attraction (gravity) is the resultant (relatively a minor by-product) of separate gravitational actions on two 3D matter-particles by universal medium. Gravitational attraction is active between coplanar 3D matter-cores of basic 3D matter-particles of two bodies, rather than whole bodies. At any instant, gravitational attraction between two macro bodies is subscribed by extremely few basic 3D matter-particles in both macro bodies. Therefore, magnitude of gravitational attraction between two macro bodies is extremely small compared to enormous magnitude of gravitational attraction between two coplanar 3D matter-cores of basic 3D matter-particles.

6. What is charge?

Distorted regions in universal medium are fields. Fields are classified according to nature of structural distortions in them. Nature of distortions is indicated by imaginary lines of force. Linear lines of force indicate magnetic field, radial lines of force indicate nuclear field and circular lines of force indicate electric field. Line of force with low curvature represent magnetic field and lines of force with high curvature represent electric field. Hence, as distance from origin increases, electric field will have all properties of magnetic field, whose axis is perpendicular to axis of electric field.

Electric charge is relative direction of lines of force in an electric field. Electric fields are real but electric charges are imaginary. As it is relative direction, electric charge of an electric field depends on reference used. An electric field, represented by circular lines of force, (depending on reference used) has both positive (clockwise lines of force) and negative (anti-clockwise lines of force) electric charges.

Magnitude and direction of interactive force between two electric fields (electric charges) depend on their natures and distance between them. Within zilch-effort distance; similar charges repel and dissimilar charges attract, beyond zilch-effort distance; similar charges attract and dissimilar charges repel. At zilch-effort distance; electric charges do not produce interactive forces.

7. What is magnetism?

Corpuscles of radiation (photons) are the most basic 3D matter-particles. Each photon consists of a disc-shaped 3D matter-core that spins about one of its diameters at spin speed proportional to 3D matter-content and moves at the highest possible (hence constant) linear speed through and with respect to universal medium. They are created by distortions in universal medium by gathering free quanta of matter in gaps in latticework-structures of 2D energy-fields, compressing them into 3D matter, shaping and moving the 3D matter-core without breaking down its own latticework structures. Disc-shaped 3D matter-core and structural distortions in surrounding universal medium, together, form a photon.

Photons, in turn, form all superior 3D matter-particles and macro bodies. 3D matter-cores of photons, in superior 3D matter-particles, move in circular paths at the speed of light and spin at its critical frequency. Linear and spin motions of photons in circular paths (in primary 3D matter-particles) produce circular structural distortions in universal medium. This is primary electric fields. Combinations of primary electric fields in superior 3D matter-particles produce resultant fields. Arranging primary/resultant electric fields in proper array can produce linearly distorted regions in universal medium to form magnetic fields. Phenomenon of forming magnetic fields and their interactions to produce various actions fall under heading of magnetism.

8. How did the universe form?

Universe is ever-lasting and in steady state with (on an average) uniform distribution of 3D matter. Galaxies at various locations in space are created and destroyed cyclically. Matter is constantly converted and reverted between different spatial dimensions to maintain entropy of universe constant.

During accretion of galactic clouds from debris and inter-galactic gases, they acquire spin motion. Central part of the cloud accretes to form central black hole. Those macro bodies, on which centrifugal action is sufficient to overcome gravitational attraction towards central black hole provides main body of a galaxy.

Except for their extremely large 3D matter-contents, black holes are like any other macro body. They have no mysterious properties. Independent black holes may turn into quasars and nova at the end of their lives due to gravitational collapse.

Due to very high linear speed, 3D matter-particles/bodies at the galactic fringe revert into primary 3D matter-particles and form galactic halo. Interactions between halos of neighbouring galaxies provide sufficient galactic repulsion to compensate gravitational attraction between them and thereby sustain stable galaxies steady in space without translation.

Stable state of a galaxy lasts for relatively short period. Changes in spin speed of a sable galaxy cause either dispersal of its contents or assimilation of its contents to central black hole, leaving central black hole to its fate. Black holes continuously radiate 3D matter in the form of photons, which disintegrate on their way, before they can reach outside observers.

3D matter-cores of photons, moving through large distances, gradually disintegrate and cause photons’ death. Gradual reductions in their 3D matter-contents cause red-shift of their frequency. Remnants of dead photons in universal medium appear as CMB Radiation.

Planetary bodies move in wavy paths in common plane about mean path of central body around galactic centre. Planetary bodies enter their stable orbital path from outside planetary system. Parts of cental forces on planetary bodies subscribe resultant torque to spin them in the plane of their orbital path. Magnitude and direction of planetary spin depends on relation between eccentricities of their orbital paths outside and inside of central body’s path. Tides are results of elongation of a spinning body moving in linear path due an external force, in both directions along the external force.

9. What is electricity?

Development of electric fields in all perpendicular planes along axis of a conductor is electric current. Angular deflection of atomic axis from its neutral alignment with respect to neighbouring atoms in a conductor is its electric potential. Electric potentials of both terminals of a source are identical in magnitude and direction. Electric potential spreads outwards from source towards electric mid-point in closed circuit. Angular deflection between atomic and nuclear axes of an atom produces electric field (electric current) about it. Average resultant electric field in perpendicular plane about axis of a conductor, at any point is the magnitude of electric current through the conductor. There are no translations of subatomic particles through a conductor during electric current. Since lines of force of electric field (outside a current carrying conductor) have low curvature, it acts as a magnetic field.

Electric generation and electric induction are different phenomena.

10. Hierarchy of matter-particles?

Unlike structured 3D matter-bodies (which tends to occupy all available spatial dimensions), unstructured matter tends to occupy minimum number of spatial dimensions.

Quanta of matter are the most fundamental matter-particles. When free, a quantum of matter is a 1D matter-particle.

Corpuscles of radiation (photons) are most basic 3D matter-particles. Photon is a disc-shaped 3D matter-particle (provides particle-nature), surrounded by distorted region in universal medium (provides wave-nature). Photons are spun at spin speeds proportional to their 3D matter-contents and moved linearly at the highest possible (hence constant) linear speed with respect to universal medium. Attempts to change linear speed of a photon result in changing its frequency rather than change its linear speed.

Two complimentary photons, moving in common circular path about a centre-point and spinning in unison, form a primary 3D matter-particle (biton). A biton has primary electric field about it. May appear like a ring of certain thickness, surrounded by electric field.

Two bitons in perpendicular planes about a common centre form an elementary 3D matter-particle (tetron). A tetron has two primary electric fields in perpendicular planes. May appear like an imaginary sphere on the surface of which four photons move at the speed of light in two mutually perpendicular circular paths through its poles.

Number of tetrons, in single layered spherical shell, form a neutron. A neutron has no resultant external field about it. May appear like an empty spherical shell.

Three bitons in mutually perpendicular planes about a common centre form a hexton. Depending on relative directions of spin and linear motions of constituent photons, hextons may be of two types – electrons and positrons. May appear like an imaginary sphere on the surface of which three pairs of photons move in three mutually perpendicular paths at the speed of light.

Each electron has two magnetic south poles with no well defined north magnetic polarity. Each positron has two magnetic north poles with no well defined south magnetic polarity.

Electron has outward (repulsive) nuclear field about it, which helps electrons to stay alone throughout their lives. Positron has inward (attractive) nuclear field about it. Hence, positrons redily form groups with any other 3D matter-particles, except electrons.

Electrons and positrons have identical electric fields about them. They have both, positive and negative, electric charges.

One neutron-like shell, formed about a positron, is a proton. Positron in the shell replaces one tetron.

Two neutron-like shells, formed about a positron, is a deutron. Most of atomic nuclei are formed by deuterons. Each deuteron is presently counted as one proton + one neutron. May appear like a dumb bell with the positron in the middle.

Deuterons form circular sections, which link together along common spin axis to form nuclei of larger atoms. Atomic nuclei have tubular shapes formed by circular sections of different girths. Orbital electrons form another tubular structure enclosing atomic nuclei.

Most atoms have some resultant fields about them, which initiates formations of molecules, crystals, etc. Developments of these groups continue until whole group becomes electrically and magnetically neutral.

Objects, external fields of whose atoms can affect external fields of atoms/molecules in a mixture, without taking part in chemical actions, may act as catalysts.

For details on these and for more topics, kindly refer to ‘MATTER (Re-examined)’. For brief descriptions, refer various articles, links to which are given at www.matterdoc.info

1. What is matter composed of?

Matter is toroidal vortex-shape/topology structured and compacted/'densified' aether energy substrate.

2. What is the medium of space composed of?

The medium of space is composed of isotropic and homogeneous ultra-luminal movement of particles, essentially forming the rarified gaseous - viscous and compressible medium under very high pressure, the parameters of which have been inferred/deduced from the existing measurements/experiments in particles physics, quantum mechanics and additional EM ones.

3. How does energy propagate?

Energy propagates either as particle-like (photon, a pair of toroidal vortexes/vortices with a very high density core, or through by the EM-energy source induced complementary toroidal vortex structuring of aether substrate - the longitudinal mechanism (non-zero divergences of electric and magnetic inductions) as a density propagation being the primary 'mechanism'.

4. What is mass?

Mass is ambiguously and circularly defined quantity based on the force of gravity at the Earth's surface, the masses of atomic particles having been erroneously confused with the aetherodynamical resistance to accelerated movement, and through the deficient Newton's formula for gravity force and his orbital dynamics wrongly enthroned as fundamental physical category (resulting in postulation of "dark matter"), essentially still keeping in power of Aristotle's Falling Bodies doctrine.

5. What is gravity?

Gravity is the effect of pressure gradient in the domain of 'attracted' body formed by temperature gradient in aether, caused by the 'attracting' body's matter formations with much reduced temperature compared to temperature of the surrounding medium; the structured aether formations have reduced temperature w.r.t. the 'free' aether by conversion of aether-heat energy into structures' internal kinetic energy of the composite - circular/ring-like and toroidal/meridian flows ...

6. What is charge?

Electric charge is fluid-dynamics related effect of aether particles flow in the circular or equatorial directions of the charge source vortex ring, the attraction and repulsion effects respectively being result of Pascalian decrease and increase of the pressure caused by, again respectively, increased and decreased velocity gradients between the two such structures. The resulting force obeys the inverse square proportionality to the separation of the centers of the two vortex structures.

7. What is magnetism?

The magnetism is the manifestation/effect of magnetic charge representing the fluid-dynamics related effect of aether particles flow in the toroidal or meridian directions of the charge source vortex ring, the attraction and repulsion effects respectively being result of Pascalian decrease and increase of the pressure caused by, again respectively, increased and decreased velocity gradients between the two such structures. The resulting force obeys the inverse cube proportionality to the separation of the centers of the two vortex structures. Neutrons, not having circular flow, produce only magnetic field.

Related links:

1. Book of Atsukovsky's "Aetherodynamics Foundations" book, with a number of partially translated chapters at
www.dropbox.com/sh/b320a0is6fdc2e2/AADfjs_LnbRBSaNXfxjPkTaqa?dl=0 ;

2. Link of a Russian 'follower'/supporter of Atsukovsky's aetherodynamics, with a more detailed account (in English) and a information about further links and Atsukovsky's presentations (in Russian)
neuroclusterbrain.com/aetherdynamics.html

3. Link for the Atsukovsky's website www.atsuk.dart.ru/

4. Link of a Russian 'follower'/supporter of Atsukovsky's aetherodynamics, with a more detailed account (in English) and a information about further links and Atsukovsky's presentations (in Russian)
neuroclusterbrain.com/aetherdynamics.html
5. Links for my presentations and papers - on one side generalization and analythical framework of the natural systems orbital motion as dynamical equilibrium of counter actung central forces proportional with a/r^2 and b/r^3, along critics of the foundations of classical, rational, quantum, and other mechanics/dynamics in terms of their essential non-conservativeness
a) youtu.be/CxSpaT8Nyn8 (audio-video recording of my presentation at hte CNPS 2016 COnference)
b) www.researchgate.net/publication/320016184_Non-Conservativeness_of_Natural_Orbital_Systems (paper)
c) www.researchgate.net/publication/316878032_NL-DE_BASED_MODELING_OF_NATURAL_ORBITAL_SYSTEMS_WITHOUT_RELIANCE_ON_CONSERVATION_OF_ENERGY_AND_ANGULAR_MOMENTUM (related paper);

5) www.dropbox.com/sh/e3zhyzaiedxu6dv/AABOzzgwiGFr452F_dqfnTrXa?dl=0 (slides and audio-video recording of my TeslaTech2016 presentation on "Magnetic monopoles and overunity systems gearing elements", with relying on aetherodynamics of Atsukovsky and my own results/insights ...

1. What is matter composed of?

Particles are sinks and sources in the aether. The aether is a continuous fluid-like substance which is dynamic, compressible, stretchable, and fills the whole universe.


2. What is the medium of space composed of?

Tiny dipolar aether whirlpools pressing against each other with centrifugal force while striving to dilate and rendered into double helix vortex rings of sources and sinks.


3. How does energy propagate?

Waves of angular acceleration through the sea of tiny dipolar vortices that fills all of space. In other words an overflow of aether from vortex to vortex.


4. What is mass?

Mass is a measure of the amount of aether in a body.


5. What is gravity?

Gravity is caused by the tension in a large aether sink.


6. What is charge?

Charge is aether pressure or aether tension.

7. What is magnetism?

Magnetic repulsion is the centrifugal force acting between neighbouring vortices in their equatorial plane. Magnetic attraction is electrostatic attraction channelled along a double helix of sources and sinks in the aether.

Frederick David Tombe

a. What is your main claim?

An Aether unit is quantifiable as a quantum rotating magnetic field. The precise value and dimensions of the Aether unit are obtained by analyzing the known physical constants, such as Coulomb's constant, the Newtonian gravitational constant, Planck's constant, the value of electrostatic charge, the mass of the electron, the Compton wavelength, and others. Similarly, the precise geometry of an Aether unit is obtained by dimensional analysis and understanding the curvature constant of 16pi^2. As a result of quantifying the Aether unit and using dimensional analysis, a precise Unified Force Theory is obtained that quantifies the electrostatic force, strong (magnetic) force, and the gravitational force using simple Newtonian style force equations.

b. What is matter composed of?

Subatomic particles construct from Aether units, which have absorbed strings of mass (aka dark matter and neutrinos). The inherent angular momentum of subatomic particles is due to the string of mass spinning at the speed of light within the Aether unit and within a five dimensional space-resonance coordinate system. Due to the half spin nature of subatomic particles, matter only occupies a four-dimensional space-time coordinate system. Both the Aether unit and the string of mass are non-material. The union of the Aether unit and the string of mass is quasi material. Only when subatomic particles bind to produce atoms and molecules does the net structure take on the appearance of matter.

c. What is the medium of space composed of?

The entire Physical Universe is not only filled with Aether, it is actually the sum of all Aether. The Physical Universe only exists in the four-dimensional framework and there is a much greater framework in which the Physical Universe is a subset. This greater, five-dimensional Universe is to the space-time Universe as the space-time Universe is to a flat screen TV world. All the space and all the matter in our Physical Universe composes of Aether, which is a fabric of quantum rotating magnetic fields (vortices as proposed by Rene Descartes).

d. How does energy propagate?

Technically, energy does not propagate. Energy is a unit of work. Physical structures, such as photons, electrons, and protons move and thus they manifest the unit of energy.

As for the so-called energy packets of mainstream physics, a source atom produces photons from excited subatomic particles, such as electrons. The photon is actually a unit of itself, which is equal to the electron (same as Planck's constant) times the speed of light (actually, the speed of photons because light doesn't move). Photons are produced from a source at a frequency and this produces another unit not recognized by mainstream physics as light. When a stream of photons reaches a target, the light loses the speed of its photons, and this is the so-called energy packet. It is by no means a quantum value. To recap, h * c = phtn; phtn * freq = ligt; ligt / c = enrg.

e. What is mass?

Mass is a dimension, much like length and frequency. Mass is not a thing, but rather the property of a thing. Mass is not equal to matter regardless of how convenient it is to describe matter in terms of its mass.

f. What is gravity?

Gravity is a force that emanates from Aether, and is due specifically to the strings of mass captured by the Aether. This is why dark matter (neutrinos that exist outside the Aether fabric) can influence
galactic scale gravitational systems.

g. What is charge?

There are actually two types of charge; electrostatic and electromagnetic. Both types of charges are inherent to the Aether unit. The Aether unit is what gives matter the properties of electrostatics and magnetism. Charge, like mass, is a dimension. There is no physical thing called charge, but rather subatomic particles possess the properties of the two types of charges. The two types of charges are related to each other and result from the Singularity being ripped apart in a particular way (the Singularity also splits to provide the Gforce, which is the driver behind the Aether unit, and strings of mass). The electrostatic charge thus has a reciprocal relationship to the magnetic charge.

h. What is magnetism?

As just stated, magnetism is also a type of charge, which has a specific relationship to electrostatic charge.

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